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 "description": "<DIV STYLE=\"text-align:Left;\"><DIV><DIV><P STYLE=\"margin:0 0 0 0;\"><SPAN>Emerald Basin on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, Canada, is home to a globally unique<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>aggregation of the glass sponge <\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>Vazella pourtalesi<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>, first documented in the region in 1889.<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>In 2009, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) implemented two Sponge Conservation<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>Areas to protect these sponge grounds from bottom fishing activities. Together, the two conservation<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>areas encompass 259 km<\/SPAN><SPAN><SPAN>2<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>. In order to ascertain the degree to which the sponge<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>grounds remain unprotected, we modelled the presence probability and predicted range distribution<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>of <\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>V<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN><SPAN>. <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>pourtalesi <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>on the Scotian Shelf using random forest modelling on presence<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>absence<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>records. With a high degree of accuracy the random forest model predicted the<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>highest probability of occurrence of <\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>V<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN><SPAN>. <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>pourtalesi <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>in the inner basins on the central Scotian<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>Shelf, with lower probabilities at the shelf break and in the Fundian and Northeast Channels.<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>Bottom temperature was the most important determinant of its distribution in the model.<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>Although the two DFO Sponge Conservation Areas protect some of the more significant<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>concentrations of <\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>V<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN><SPAN>. <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>pourtalesi<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>, much of its predicted distribution remains unprotected (over<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>99%). Examination of the hydrographic conditions in Emerald Basin revealed that the <\/SPAN><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\"><SPAN>V<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>.<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN STYLE=\"font-style:italic;\">pourtalesi <\/SPAN><SPAN>sponge grounds are associated with a warmer and more saline water mass compared<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>to the surrounding shelf. Reconstruction of historical bottom temperature and salinity<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>in Emerald Basin revealed strong multi-decadal variability, with average bottom temperatures<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>varying by 8<\/SPAN><SPAN><SPAN>˚<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><SPAN>C. We show that this species has persisted in the face of this climatic variability,<\/SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN>possibly indicating how it will respond to future climate change.<\/SPAN><\/P><\/DIV><\/DIV><\/DIV>",
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